Blood lead levels and major depressive disorder, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder in US young adults.
نویسندگان
چکیده
CONTEXT Lead is a ubiquitous neurotoxicant, and adverse cognitive and behavioral effects are well-documented in children and occupationally exposed adults but not in adults with low environmental exposure. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of current blood lead levels with 3 common psychiatric disorders-major depression, panic, and generalized anxiety-in young adults. DESIGN Cross-sectional epidemiologic survey. SETTING Nationally representative sample of US adults. PARTICIPANTS A total of 1987 adults aged 20 to 39 years who responded to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2004). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Twelve-month DSM-IV criteria-based diagnoses of major depressive disorder, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. RESULTS The mean (SD) blood lead level was 1.61 (1.72) microg/dL (range, 0.3-37.3 microg/dL) (to convert to micromoles per liter, multiply by 0.0483). Increasing blood lead levels were associated with higher odds of major depression (P = .05 for trend) and panic disorder (P = .02 for trend) but not generalized anxiety disorder (P = .78 for trend) after adjustment for sex, age, race/ethnicity, education status, and poverty to income ratio. Persons with blood lead levels in the highest quintile had 2.3 times the odds of major depressive disorder (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13-4.75) and 4.9 times the odds of panic disorder (1.32-18.48) as those in the lowest quintile. Cigarette smoking was associated with higher blood lead levels and outcome, but models that excluded current smokers also resulted in significantly increased odds of major depression (P = .03 for trend) and panic disorder (P = .01 for trend) with higher blood lead quintiles. CONCLUSIONS In these young adults with low levels of lead exposure, higher blood lead levels were associated with increased odds of major depression and panic disorders. Exposure to lead at levels generally considered safe could result in adverse mental health outcomes.
منابع مشابه
سازوکارهای دفاعی و راههای مقابله در افراد مبتلا به اختلال اضطراب منتشر و افسردگی اساسی
AbstractObjectives: The comparison of defence mechanisms and coping strategies in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder and normal subjects was the aim of the present study. Method: The statistical population of the present study included individuals with generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder and normal subjects who had presented to public...
متن کاملInvestigating Cognitive Control and Repetitive Thinking in Clinical Groups With Major Depressive Disorder and Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Objective: Some theories state that a deficiency in cognitive control makes people more vulnerable to the occurrence of repetitive negative thoughts. The present study was done to investigate the association between cognitive control based on switching and inhibition and repetitive thinking of rumination and worry and major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Methods: Thirty ...
متن کاملComparison of Components of Psychological Inflexibility in Students with Major Depressive Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Social Anxiety Disorder and Normal Students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in the 2017-2018
Background and Objectives: According to the high prevalence of anxiety and depression disorders in college students and the role of psychological inflexibility in a wide range of psychological issues, the present study was conducted aiming at comparing components of psychological inflexibility in students with major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder a...
متن کاملThe Efficacy of Emotion Regulation Therapy in Attention Control, Mindfulness and Reappraisal of Patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder Comorbid with Major Depression
Introduction: Various studies indicate that generalized anxiety disorder has a high comorbidity with major depression disorder. Emotion dysregulation plays an important role in onset and maintenance of generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of emotion regulation therapy in control of attention, mindfulness and reappraisa...
متن کاملThought Control Strategies in Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder and Their Relationships with Trait Anxiety
Objective: The present study aims to investigate thought control strategies in Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), and the relationship of these metacognitive strategies with trait anxiety, as a construct of emotional vulnerability. Methods: 60 patients with diagnosis of GAD and MDD and 30 control subjects (nonpatients) were selected from the university stude...
متن کاملذخیره در منابع من
با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید
برای دانلود متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید
ثبت ناماگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید
ورودعنوان ژورنال:
- Archives of general psychiatry
دوره 66 12 شماره
صفحات -
تاریخ انتشار 2009